pengertian fisafat

1.      Makna filsafat dari segi bahasa

Filsafat berasal dari bahasa Yunani, philosophia atau philosophos. Philos atau philein berarti teman atau cinta, dan Sophia shopos kebijaksanaan, pengetahuan dan hikmah.

Filsafat juga berarti mater scientiarum yang artinya induk dari segala ilmu pengetahuan.

Kata filsafat dalam bahasa indonesia memiliki padanan kata falsafah (Arab), philosophie ( Prancis, Belanda, dan Jerman), serta philosophy (Inggris).

Mustafa Abdurraziq mengatakan bahwa setelah meneliti penggunaan kata filsafat di kalangan umat Islam berkesimpulan bahwa kata hikmah dan hakim dalam bahasa Arab digunakan dalam artian falsafah atau filosof. Mereka mengatakan hukama al-islami atau falsafat al-islami.

Hikmah adalah perkara tertinggi yang dapat dicapai oleh manusia dengan menggunakan akal dan metode-metode berfikir. Seperti firman Allah dalam surat al-Baqarah ayat 269 yang artinya :

“Allah memberikan hikmat kepada siapa saja yang Dia kehendaki, dan siapa yang diberi hikmah itu maka ia telah diberikan kebaikan yang banyak sekali dan tidaklah akan mengingat kecuali orang-orang yang berakal”.

2.       Makna filsafat menurut beberapa tokoh

Menurut Phytagoras (572-497 SM), sebagai orang pertama yang menggunakan kata Philosophia yang berarti pecinta kebijaksanaan (lover of wisdom) bukan kebijaksanaan itu sendiri.

Menurut Plato (427-347 SM) mengartikannya sebagai ilmu pengetahuan untuk mencapai kebenaran yang hakiki lewat perenungan.

Menurut Aristoteles (382-322 SM) mendefinisikan filsafat sebagai pengetahuan tentang kebenaran.

Menurut al-Kindi (801-950) mengartikan filsafat sebagai pengetahuan tentang hakekat yang pertama (Tuhan).

Menurut al-Farabi (870-950) mengartikan filsafat sebagai ilmu pengetahuan tentang alam maujud dan hakekat alam yang sebenarnya.

Menurut Descartes (1590-1650) mendefinisikan filsafat sebagai kumpulan ilmu pengetahuan yang menjadi pokok dan pangkal dari segala ilmu pengetahuan.

Menurut Harold H. Titus dalam bukunya Living Issues in Philosophy : an introductory text book mengatakan bahwa filsafat adalah:

·         Suatu sikap terhadap hidup dan alam semesta

·         Suatu metode berfikir reflektif terhadap metode pencarian yang beralasan dan berargumentatif

·         Kumpulan masalah

·         Kumpulan teori atau system-sistem pemikiran

expressing cause and effect

EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT

To express cause and effect or result by using so that and such that

1.      S + V + (O) + so that + S + V

For example :

·         You study English so that your future will be more promising

·         He drove his own car to go home instead of taking the flight so that he could save his money

·         Pare is on the high place so that it can escape from the flood

2.       In this form, there are

a.       S + V + so adjective/ adverb + that + S + V

For example :

·         It is so hot that we must turn on the fan

·         Palestine is so dangerous that people their in fear

·         He walk so carelessly that he hit the door

·         She speaks so fluently that everyone admires her

b.      S + V + so many/few + plural (countable noun) + that + S + V

For example :

·         I have so many papers of the test to correct that I have no time to take a rest

·         A school student often brings so many books in her bag that she hardly walk

·         There are always so few students in the class that it is like a private class

·         My grand mother has so few students in the class that she can’t chew the food easily

c.       S + V + so much/ little + uncountable noun + that + S + V

For example:

·         There is so little water on the desert that only certain plants can grow there

·         Inayah has so much patience that she is fit to teach children under 5 years

3.      There are some kinds of this

a.       S + V + such + a/an adjective + singular countable noun + that + S + V

For example :

·         English is such an interesting subject that you are happy to study it

·         Three idiots is such a touching movie that viewers can drop their tears when watching it

b.      S + V + so + adjective + a/an singular countable noun + that + S + V

For example :

·         Nachdla  is so beautiful girl that many boys want to win her heart

·         It is so disgusting a structure that the students laugh at it

·         An elephant is so big an animal that the truck can hardly bring it

c.       S + V + such + adjective + plural countable or uncountable noun + that + S + V

For example:

·         Dyah collects such antique furniture that some collects want to buy it

·         That mother takes care such naughty children that she often uses a stick to control them

bare infinitive

BARE INFINITIVE

Bare infinitive is used :

1.      After modals (can, must, might, may, will, would, could, should, shall, had better)

For example :

·         Can you give me an example?

·         He will go to Prambanan temple soon

·         May I say something?

·         You had better not lie to yourself

·         Could you handle the situation soon?

2.      After the verbs = let, make, have, and help

S + let, make, have and help + object + V1 (bare infinitive)

For example:

·         Let him do this duty well

·         She made everyone work seriously

·         Will you have him visit you everyday?

·         He helped us finish our food

3.      After dare or need

Dare and need can be followed by bare infinitive only in negative sentences.

Example:

·         She needn’t to join us

·         Do you dare see ghost at night?

·         He dare take a walk alone in the middle of night

·         I dare say that my students understand the lesson

4.      After verb of sensation, except feel and smile

S + see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, observe, look at + O + bare infinitive (V1) or present participle (V-ing)

Bare infinitive refers to whole action

Present participle refers to a part of the action

Example:

·         She watched her mother cook in the kitchen

·         When passing the cemetery, I saw a white object flying right infront of me

5.      After the expressions

a.       Would rather and would sooner = lebih suka

S + would rather/ would sooner + bare infinitive(V1)

Example :

·         She would rather not talk about it anymore

·         I would rather hurt my heart than see you live in pain/ misery

·         We would rather die for something than live for nothing

b.      Rather than + V1 = lebih suka

S + would rather + to V1 + rather than + V1

Example:

·         He would rather to go fishing rather than watch movie

6.      After the expressions

Do + nothing/ everything/ anything + but/except + V1 (bare infinitive)

Example:

·         She does everything so well but sew a cloth

·         They did nothing last night except drink fire drinks or play cards

·         My sister doesn’t do anything but play games on her gadget

7.      Bare infinitive is used when there are two “to infinitive” and joined with”and”, the second “to infinitive” is normally without “to”.

Example:

·         She went to the kitchen to drink some water and (to) eat some food

·         He always wants to sit beside me and (to) hold my shoulder