causative verb

CAUSATIVE VERB 

Causative verb adalah kata kerja yang menyebabkan kita melakukan suatu pekerjaan. Sebenarnya ada banyak causative verb, tetapi kata kerja yang paling sering digunakan adalah have, get, dan make. Semua kata causative verb itu intinya memiliki arti yang sama, yakni meminta atau menyuruh.

Make = sense of request

Get = sense of persuade

Make = sense of force

There are 2 forms of causative verb.

1.      Using active object

It means that object does something

S + have/make + O (usually person) + V1 + bare infinitive

Have and make can use all tenses. For example:

·         She has her mother cook some food for her

·         He will not have his father marry another woman

·         The robbers made a shop cashier give them money

·         Who made  his daughter marry to a rich old widower?

·         Who is having the workers under the heat of sun?

S + get + O ( usually person) + S + O

Example:

·         Indira gets Wulan  meet her at the restaurant

·         Lukman doesn’t get Anwar to meet him

·         Mutia gets her brother to study more seriously

·         Who has gotten you to attend this party?

2.      Using passive object

It means that object does nothing. As usual, make and get are used in this form.

S + have/get + O (usually non person/ thing) + V3

For example:

·         The machine of the bus gets broken, father will have it repaired

·         The ink of the marker runs out. She has at refilled it.

·         The bullets of the machine gun have been used up the captain gets it reloaded

·         The clothes are very dirty. She gets them soaked before being washed.

·         Who gets the example?

elliptical structure

ELLIPTICAL STRUCTURE

a.       (+) the function : to join positive statements that have the same grammar and structure but they have different subject.

 (and) so... aux + S

(and) S + aux +.... too

Example:

Ø  She is good at cooking, so is her sister

Ø  She is good at cooking, her sister is too

Ø  Plants will die someday and so will animals

Ø  Plants will die someday and animals will too

If there are 2 auxiliries, only the first auxiliary be used. After preposition is object.

b.      (-) the function : to join two negative statements that have the same grammar and structure, but the subject are different.

(and) neither....

(and)........ either

Example:

Ø  Crocodiles can’t fly and cows can’t either

Ø  Crocodiles can’t fly and neither can cows

Ø  Rudy isn’t skilled at ice skating and neither is Rony

Ø  Rudy isn’t skilled at ice skating and Rony isn’t either

Not only..... but also

Not only.... but..... as well....

 Function: to balance as qualifier

Noun can be in subject or subject

Not only + noun + but also + noun

                 verb                        verb

                 adjective            adjective

                  adverb              adverb

                a phrase              a phrase

example :

v  We drink not only plain water but also sweet water

v  We drink not only plain water but  sweet water as well

v  He is speaking English not only at BEC but in their boarding house

v  Iwan Fals not only plays musical instrument but also sings a song on the stage

(+) not only.... but also...

      Not only.... but .... as well

(-) neither............nor.....

     Either....... or.......

When it is used in subject position, the determiner is the subject that’s closest to the verb

Example:

v  He is neither a factory worker nor a taxi driver

v  He isn’t either a factory worker or a taxi driver

v  The moon is neither a planet nor an asteroid

v  The moon isn’t either a planet or an asteroid

v  She may stay here another night or leave right now

v  You can stay either in a camp or a boarding house

v  They can go tho stool either on foot or by a bike

Both.... and....

Both + noun and noun

          Verb and verb

     Adjective and adjective

     Adverb and adverb

Example:

Ø  Both spoken English and written English are support your career in the future

Ø Advertisement influence both people’s spending habit and lifestyle

Ø Iwan fals can play both a guitar and harmonica at the same time

Degree of comparison

DEGREE OF COMPARISON

There are 3 levels of comparison degree, they are the common

1.      Positive degree ( tingkat setara)

S + tobe + as + adjective + as + S

For example :

·         is Tiyaz as beautiful as Shela?

·         My car is as expensive as yours.

             

2.      Comparative degree (tingkat lebih)

S + tobe + -er/ more + adjective / adverb+ than + S

For example:

·         Dito is bigger than Dean

·         That hotel is more luxurious than this hotel

3.      Superlative degree (tingkat paling/ ter..)

S +  tobe +the + -est/ most + adjective/ adverb

For example :

·         She is the most beautiful girl that I never have seen before

·         Are you the best one in this Arabic debate competition?

There are some explanation again that it shows comparison. It is called double comparison

ü  Double comparative that is used to express a gradual decrease or gradual increase ( penurunan atau peningkatan secara berkala).

“Comparative and comparative”

We can use adjective and adverb.

For example:

v  The temperature of the earth surface is getting hotter and hotter ( a gradual increase)

v  The technology has become more sophisticated and more sophisticated ( a gradual increase)

v  Agriculture farms are narrower and narrower ( a gradual decrease)

v  After getting sick for a week, her body goes thinner and thinner ( a gradual decrease)

v  He has gone further and further from paths of religion

v  When reaching the peak of the mountain, the hikers walked more slowly and more slowly ( a gradual decrease)

v  Who has to work harder and harder this time? ( a gradual increase)

v  Many people are trying to run their lives more healthy and more healthy

Form of the adjective

S + be + adjective

S + linking verb + adjective

Linking verb = get, become, go, look, seem, turn, stay, appear, feel, sound, and etc.

Form of adverb

S + V + (o) + adverb

ü  Double comparative that is used to show cause and effect/ result

The first comparative shows the cause

The second comparative shows the effect

a.       The comparative, the comparative

example:

Ø  The cuter, the smaller

Ø  The more luxurious, the more expensive

Ø  The more entertaining, the merrier

Ø  The blacker, the more exotic

b.      The comparative + the noun, the comparative + the noun

Example:

Ø  The more luxurious apartment, the more expensive the rent

Ø  The smaller the bonsai, the higher the bonsai

Ø  The more crowded the people, the hotter the room

Ø  The more the students, the crowded in the class

c.       The comparative + A clause, the comparative + B clause

Example:

Ø  The harder he works, the less he achieves

Ø  The faster the runner runs, the sooner he can reach a finish line

Ø  The more slowly you walk, the longer you spend your time

Ø  The longer the food attack, the more easily people get sick