impersonal IT

IMPERSONAL IT

“it” can be used as subject of the sentence and not translated.

1.      to show place.

Example:

·         it is April 2015

·         it is 7 o’clock now

·         it is 22^nd april yesterday

2.      to show climate

example : it is cold now

3.      to show distance

example: it is 7 km from my house to your dormitory

4.      to change “to infinitive” as subject

example: to say is easy, it’s easy to say

5.      to emphasize person/thing

example : it was Samir who visited me last night

inversion

INVERSION

Inversion is placing the verb or the auxiliary before the subject. There are 2 kinds of inversion:

a.       Auxiliary + subject

b.      Verb + subject

Inversion can be found in some sentences, they are:

1.      In question sentence, such as:

·         What do you study in Psychology?

·         Do you study English?

·         guys, how are you today?

·         Is English confusing?

·         Has she been here for an hour?

2.      In question taq, for example:

·         You don’t speak French, do you?

·         Ida is not in this room, is she?

3.      In conditional sentence, for example:

·         If she were a flower, I’d be her gardener  = were she a flower, I’d be her gardener

·         If the company had given all employees bonuses, they wouldn’t have gone on strike = had the company given all employees bonuses, they wouldn’t have gone on strike

4.      In exclamation, it is used to strengthen the meaning (very), for example:

·         Is she annoyed! = she is very annoyed

·         Am I happy to see you! = i’m very happy to see you

5.      After neither,so and for, for example:

·         She hasn’t gone to Australia and neither have I

·         I am hungry and so are you

·         Azizah didn’t do her homework and nor  did her sister

6.      After negative adverbs that are placed at the beginning of the sentences

Examples for the negative adverbs are seldom, never, rarely, hardly, not once, never, before, never once, never again, not only, no sooner, not until, only after, sincerely, and never while.

The function: to emphasize/ to strengthen the meaning

When the negative adverb is place at the beginning of the sentence, the structure of the sentence should be inverted. When we use not only, no sooner and only after, we should use clause. For example:

·         Sayyida has never been abroad before = never before has Sayyida been abroad

·         Guntur seldom phones his mother = seldom does Guntur phones his mother

·         My father could buy a house only after got a bank loan = only after got a bank loan, my father could buy a new house

·         He won’t be allowed to live independently until he gets his own money = not until he gets his own money, will he  be allowed to live independently

·         Never while, I let him hurt my heart like 3 days ago

·         We can eat fish only after you can cook it = only after you can cook it, can we eat fish

7.      In quoted (direct speech), for example:

·         “yes, I will”, answered Tio

·         “ when will you meet me?” asked Rahma

subjunctive verb

SUBJUNCTIVE VERB

Subjunctive verb is used to show a wish or willingness, that isn’t true. There are 4 subjunctive verbs that I will explain here, here are

1.      Wish                                    : ingin/ berharap

2.      If only                      : kalau saja/ jika saja

3.      As if/ as though       : seakan-akan

4.      Would rather                       : lebih suka

Subjunctive verb can be used in present/ future subjunctive and past subjunctive. This is the explanation:

a.       Present/future subjunctive

Wish (that), if only, as if, as though, would rather (that) are subjunctive verbs which are used in this form. The form is alike past tense (S + V2), but it brings present or future meaning. All subjects use “were” for nominal clause.

Example:

·         We wish (that) it were sunny and windy now

·         She wishes (that) we could her tonight

·         It’s raining right now

·         If only she didn’t fall in love with another man

·         If only we would get a holiday for a new year

·         Her face looks so pale as if there was a single drop of blood

·         She tells a story as though she knew it well

·         He would rather (that) he had no step mother

b.      Past subjunctive

The subjunctive verbs which are used in this form are wish, would rather, if only, as if, as though. The form is alike past perfect (S + had + V3) and it brings past meaning. Example:

·         When she came to my house few days ago. She acted as if she had been the real owner of the house

·         When being interrogated by some police, he informed the accident as though he had witnessed it / had been the eye witness of the accident

·         Rita wishes/ wished that she had studied at a university right after her high school

·         Did they get the tickets one day before the show?

·         If only my father had insured his car before the accident