Bagi beberapa orang yang belajar bahasa inggris mungkin merasa kesulitan untuk memahami dan mengaplikasikan rumus 16 tenses. berikut saya uraikan sedikit rumus 16 tenses yang diawali dengan pembagian kalimat. semoga bermanfaat!
Sentence
Sentence
adalah gabungan dari beberapa kata yang memiliki pengertian sempurna setidaknya
terdiri dari subyek dan predikat. Sentence has 2 kinds, there are
1.
Verbal
sentence : sentence which the verb is not tobe ( kalimat yang kata
kerjanya bukan berupa tobe (kata kerja bantu)). Example: Doni eats banana.
2.
Nominal
sentence : sentence which the verb is tobe (kalimat yang kata kerjanya
berupa tobe (kata kerja bantu)). Example : he is teacher.
There are some terms of subject (pelaku/kata
sifat aktif yang melakukan pekerjaan)
1.
I
(saya) = menanyakan kata ganti orang
pertama tunggal
2.
You
(kamu) = menanyakan kata ganti orang kedua tunggal atau jamak
3.
We
(kami,kita) = menanyakan kata ganti orang ketiga jamak
4.
He
(dia(lk)) = menanyakan kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal
5.
She
(dia(pr)) = menanyakan kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal
6.
It (
dia benda/ binatang) = kata ganti benda atau binatang
Tenses adalah suatu perubahan kata
kerja berdasarkan tingkat dan waktu kejadian.
No
|
Based on time
|
Based on level
|
1
|
Present
( sekarang)
|
Simple
( sederhana)
|
2
|
Past
( lampau)
|
Continuous
(sedang dilakukan)
|
3
|
Future
( akan datang)
|
Perfect
(telah)
|
4
|
Past
future (akan terjadi di waktu lampau)
|
Perfect
continuous ( telah / telah sedang)
|
Tenses
dalam bahasa inggris ada 16 macam, yakni
Simple
|
continuous
|
perfect
|
Perfect continuous
|
|
Present
|
Simple
present
|
Present
continuous
|
Present
perfect
|
Present
perfect continuous
|
Past
|
Simple past
|
Past
continuous
|
Past perfect
|
Past perfect continuous
|
Future
|
Simple
future
|
Future
continuous
|
Future perfect
|
Future
perfect continuous
|
Past future
|
Simple past
future
|
Past future
continuous
|
Past Future perfect
|
Past future
perfect continuous
|
Ada 16 macam kalimat verbal dan ada 8 macam
kalimat nominal.
1.
Simple
Present
Function: digunakan untuk menanyakan
aktivitas sehari-hari, kegiatan yang berulang-ulang, serta kebenaran umum.
Pattern (+) S+ V1+ Complement
(-) S+ V1+do/does + not+ Complement
(?) do/does + S + V1 + Complement ?
Do : I, you, they, we
Does : he, she, it
Note : complements are object,
adjective, noun, adverb, and etc.
Time signal :
always, usually, seldom. Often,
every..., and etc.
Example (+) Dea drinks juice
(-)
Dea does not drink juice
(?)
does Dea drink juice ?
Question word
Ø What (apa) : untuk menanyakan predikat, obyek, dan profesi
Ø Who (siapa) : untuk menanyakan pelaku atau subyek
Ø Whose (milik siapa) : untuk menanyakan kepemilikan
Ø Whom (siapa) : untuk menanyakan pelaku yang posisinya sebagai obyek
Ø Which (yang mana) : untuk menanyakan pilihan
Ø Why (mengapa) : untuk menanyakan alasan
Ø Where (dimana) : untuk menanyakan tempat
Ø When (kapan) : untuk menanyakan waktu
Ø How (bagaimana) : untuk menanyakan cara atau keadaan
Ø How long (berapa lama) : untuk menanyakan durasi waktu
Ø How far ( berapa jauh) : untuk menanyakan jarak
Ø How many ( berapa banyak) : untuk menanyakan jumlah yang dapat
dihitung
Ø How much (berapa banyak) : untuk menanyakan jumlah yang tidak dapat
dihitung
Ada banyak macam question word,namun
yang paling sering digunakan adalah yang telah dijelaskan diatas. Berikut
contoh penggunaan question word dalam simple present tense baik dalam bentuk
kalimat nominal ataupun verbal
Riza
buys book in the book store today by car
a b c d e
a. who buys
book in the book store today by car ?
b. what does
Riza buy in the book store today by car ?
c. where does
Riza buy book today by car ?
d. when does
Riza buy book in the book store by car ?
e. how does
Riza buy book in the book store today ?
Syifa is lecture
a b
a.
who is lecture ?
b.
what is Syifa ?
2. Present Continuous
Function
: untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang, dan menyatakan
rencana yang sudah pasti akan dilakukan dalam waktu dekat.
Pattern (+) S + tobe ( is,am,are) + Ving + Complement
(-) S + tobe (is,am,are)+ not +
Ving + Complement
(?) tobe (is,am,are) + S + Ving +
Complement ?
Is :
He, She, It
Am :
I
Are
: they, we
Time
signal
Today,
now, at present, right now, at this time, at this moment, and etc.
Example (+) Fika is watching movie in
theatre now
(-) Fika is not
watching movie in theatre now
(/) is Fika watching
movie in theatre now ?
Question
word
Fika is
watching movie with his girl friend in theatre now
a b c d e
a.
Who
is watching movie with his girl friend in theatre now ?
b.
What
is Fika watching with his girl friend in theatre now ?
c.
Whom
is Fika watching movie in theatre now ?
d.
Where
is Fika watching movie with his girl friend now ?
e.
When
is Fika watching movie with his girl friend in theatre ?
3.
Present
Perfect
Function : untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas atau kejadian yang sudah
selesai dilakukan biasanya masih berasa akibatnya.
Pattern (+) S +
have/has + V3 + Complement
(-) S +
have/has + not +V3 + Complement
(?)
have/has + S + V3 + Complement ?
Have : I, you, they, we
Has : she, he, it
Time signal
Since, recently, lately, already, just, and etc.
Example (+) my father
has drunk coffee in the living room just
now
(-) my
father has not drunk coffee in the living room just now
(?) has
my father drunk coffee in the living room just now ?
Question word
My father has drunk coffee
in the living room just now
a b c d
a.
Who
has drunk coffee in the living room just now ?
b.
What
has my father drunk in the living room just now ?
c.
Where
has my father drunk coffee just now ?
d.
When
has my father drunk coffee in the living room ?
Untuk
present perfect dan present perfect continuous tense memiliki rumus yang sama
dalam penggunaan kalimat nominalnya, contohnya
His uncle has been corruptor
A b
a.
Who
has been corruptor ?
b.
What
has his uncle been ?
4.
Present
Perfect Continuous
Function
: untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah dikerjakan berdasarkan durasi waktunya.
Pattern (+) S + have/has + been + Ving + Complement
(-) S + have/has + not + been +
Ving + Complement
(?) have/has + S + been + Ving +
Complement ?
Time signal
For,
since
Example (+) we have been waiting for you for 2
hours
(-) we have not been waiting
for you for 2 hours
(?) have we been waiting for
you for 2 hours ?
Question
word
We have been waiting for you
for 2 hours
a b c
a.
Who
has been waiting for you for 2 hours ?
b.
Whom
have we been waiting for for 2 hours ?
c.
How
long have we been waiting for you ?
5.
Simple
Past
Function
: untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi di masa lampau
Pattern (+) S + V2 + Complement
(-) S + did + not + Complement
(?) did + S + Complement ?
Did
is used for all subjetcs
Time
signal
Yesterday,
last...., ....ago, last time, and etc
Example (+) Ria cooked fried rice in the kitchen
last time
(-) Ria did not cook fried
rice in the kitchen last time
(/) did Ria cook fried rice
in the kitchen last time ?
Question
word
For
verbal sentence
Ria cooked fried rice in the kitchen last time
A b c d
a.
Who
cooked fried rice in the kitchen last time ?
b.
What
did Ria cook in the kitchen last time ?
c.
Where
did Ria cook fried rice last time ?
d.
When
did Ria cook fried rice in the kitchen ?
For
nominal sentence
They were in the library
A b
a.
Who
was in the library ?
b.
Where
were they ?
6.
Past
Continuous
Function
: untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau, ketika atau
sementara ada peristiwa lain sedang berlangsung pula. Biasanya ada penegasan
waktu yang menunjukkan pada penggunaan tenses ini.
Pattern (+) S + was/were + Ving + Complement
(-) S + was/were + Ving +
Complement
(?) was/were + S + Ving +
Complement ?
Was
: I, she, he, it
Were
: they, we
Time
signal
At....
o’clock yesterday, while, when
Example (+) Eka was eating chicken porridge in
this cafe at 6 a.m yesterday
(-) Eka was not eating
chicken porridge in this cafe at 6 a.m yeterday
(?) was Eka eating chicken
porridge in this cafe at 6 a.m yesterday ?
Question
word
Eka was eating chicken porridge in this cafe at 6 a.m
yesterday
a b c d
a.
Who
was eating chicken porridge in this cafe at 6 a.m yesterday ?
b.
What
was Eka eating in this cafe at 6 a.m yesterday ?
c.
Where
was Eka eating chicken porridge at 6 a.m yesterday ?
d.
When
was Eka eating chicken porridge in this cafe ?
7.
Past
Perfect
Function : digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah
dikerjakan ketika kegiatan lain terjadi pada waktu lampau.
Pattern (+) S + had + V3 +
Complement
(-) S +
had + not + V3 + Complement
(?) had + S + V3 + Complement ?
Had
is used for all subjects
Time
signal
When,
after, before
Contoh penggunaan sistem dua kejadian :
7
when 5 : I had given you my time when you visited me
When
5, 7 : when she forgave me, I had forgiven her
5
after 7 : she had a lot of money after
you had given her
After
7, 5 : after you had eaten, I drunk water
7
before 5 : she had been here before you came
Before
5, 7 : before they called me, I had been there
6
when 5 : I was buying pen when you came
6
while 6 : she was cooking noodle when he was taking a bath
Question
word
She had torn paper
a b
a.
Who
had torn paper ?
b.
What
had she torn ?
John had
been here
A b
a.
Who had been
here ?
b.
Where had John
been ?
8.
Past
Perfect Continuous
Function : digunakan untuk menyatakn aktifitas
atau kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dengan penekanan pada durasi
waktunya.
Pattern (+) S + had + been + Ving + Complement
(-)
S + had + not + been + Ving + Complement
(?)
had + S + been + Ving + Complement ?
Time signal
When...., for..., and etc
Example (+) Miller had been staying in Italy
(-) Miller had not been staying in Italy
(/) had Miller been staying in Italy?
Question word
Miller had been staying in Italy
a b
a.
Who
had been staying in Italy?
b.
Where
had Miller been staying ?
9.
Simple
Future
Function :
digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang
dan kalimat pengandaian.
Pattern (+) S + will/shall + V1 + Complement
(-)
S + will/shall + not + V1 + Complement
(?)
will/shall + S + V1 + Complement ?
Note : in british I and we use
shall, but in american all subjetcs use will.
Time signal
Tomorrow, .... later, next...., and
etc.
Example (+) Justin will call me tomorrow
(-)
Justin will not call me tomorrow
(?)
will Justin call me tomorrow ?
Untuk kalimat nominal ada penambahan “be”
setelah will dan sebelum complement.
Question word
Justin
will call me tomorrow
a b c
a.
Who will call
me tomorrow ?
b.
Whom will
Justin call tomorrow ?
c.
When will Justin
call me ?
He will
be minister next year
a.
Who will be
minister next year ?
b.
What will he be
next year ?
c.
When will he be
minister ?
10. Future Continuous
Function : digunakan untuk
menyatakan suatu aktifitas yang akan atau sedang berlangsung di masa yang akan
datang.
Pattern (+) S + will + be + Ving + Complement
(-)
S + will + not + be + Ving + Complement
(?)
will + S + be + Ving + Complement
Time signal
At.... o’clock tomorrow, at the same
tomorrow
Example (+) Jack will be meeting you
at 6 p.m tomorrow
(-) Jack will not be meeting you at 6 p.m
tomorrow
(?) will Jack be meeting you at 6 p.m
tomorrow ?
Question word
Jack will be meeting you at 6 p.m tomorrow
a b c
a.
Who
will be meeting you at 6 p.m tomorrow ?
b.
Whom
will Jack be meeting at 6 p.m tomorrow ?
c.
When
will Jack be meeting you ?
11.
Future
Perfect
Function
: digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sudah dimulai pada waktu lampau dan
segera selesai pada waktu yang akan datang.
Pattern (+) S + will + have + V3 + Complement
(-) S + will + not + have + V3 +
Complement
(?) will + S + have + V3 +
Complement ?
Time
signal
By
next month, by...... o’clock tonight, by the end of....
Example (+)
my uncle will have planted rice by the end of this week
(-) my uncle will not have
planted rice by the end of this week
(?) will my uncle have
planted rice by the end of this week ?
Question word
For verbal
sentence
My uncle will have planted rice by the end of this week
a b c
a.
Who
will have planted rice by the end of this week ?
b.
What
will my uncle have planted by the end of this week ?
c.
When
will my uncle have planted rice ?
For
nominal sentence
Rocky will have been here
a b
a.
Who
will have been here ?
b.
When
will Rocky have been ?
12.
Future
Perfect Continuous
Function :
digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang masih
berlangsung pada masa yang akan datang.
Pattern (+) S + will + have + been + Ving +
Complement
(-) S + will + not +
have + been + Ving + Complement
(?) will + S + have +
been + Ving + Complement ?
Time
signal
By next week for a month, by....
for....
Example (+) I will have been learning English by next year for 3
months
(-)
I will not have been learning English by next year for 3 months
(?)
will I have been learning English by next year for 3 months ?
Question word
I will have been learning English by next year for 3 months
a b c
a.
Who
will have been learning English by next year for 3 months ?
b.
What
will I have been learning by next year for 3 months ?
c.
When
will I have been learning English ?
13.
Simple
past future
Function
: digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu hal yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan
datang , namun tidak dilakukan ( rencana yang batal ).
Pattern (+) S + would/should + V1 +
Complement
(-) S + would/should
+ not + V1+ Complement
(?) would/should + S
+ V1 + Complement ?
Time
signal
Yesterday,
last week, last time, .....ago
Example (+) she would go to America last
year
(-) she would not go
to America last year
(?) would she go to
America last year ?
Question
word
For
verbal sentence
She would go to America last year
a b c
a.
Who
would go to America last year ?
b.
Where would she go to last year ?
c.
When
would she go to America
For nominal sentence
She
would be jealous
a b
a.
Who would
be jealous ?
b.
How
would she be ?
14.
Past
Future Continuous
Function :
untuk menyatakan kejadian yang akan sedang terjadi di masa lampau.
Pattern (+) S + would/should + be + Ving
+ Complement
(-) S + would/should
+not + be + Ving + Complement
(?) would/should + S +
be + Ving + Complement ?
Time
signal
At.... o’clock yesterday
Example (+) Anton would be doing his duty at 8
p.m yesterday
(-) Anton would not be
doing his duty at 8 p.m yesterday
Question
word
Anton
would be doing his duty at 8 p.m yesterday
a b c
a.
Who would be
doing his duty at 8 p.m yesterday ?
b.
What would
Anton be doing at 8 p.m yesterday ?
c.
When would
Anton be doing his duty ?
15. Past Future Perfect
Function
: untuk menyatakan kejadian yang telah akan terjadi di masa lampau.
Pattern (+) S + would/should + have + V3 +
Complement
(-) S + would/should + not +
have + V3 + Complement
(?) would/should + S + have +
V3 + Complement ?
Example (+) Lala would have taught Japanese in this
school
(-) Lala would not have
taught Japanese in this school
(?) would Lala have taught
Japanese in this school ?
Question
word
Lala
would have taught Japanese in this school
a b c
a.
Who would have
taught Japanese in this school ?
b.
What would Lala
have taught in this school ?
c.
Where would
Lala have taught Japanese ?
Lala
would have been at the Chinese restaurant
a b
a.
Who would have
been at the Chinese restaurant ?
b.
Where would
Lala have been ?
16.
Past Future
Perfect Continuous
Function
: untuk menyatakan kejadian yang telah
akan sedang berlangsung di masa lampau.
Pattern (+) S + would/should + have + been + Ving +
Complement
( -) S + would/should + not +
have + been + Ving + Complement
(?) would/should + S + have +
been + Ving + Complement ?
Example (+) we would have been singing Indonesia Raya
in that room happily
(-) we would not have been
singing Indonesia Raya in that room happily
(?) would we have been singing
Indonesia Raya in that room happily ?
Question
word
a b c d
a.
Who would have
been singing Indonesia Raya in that room happily?
b.
What would we
have been singing in that room happily ?
c.
Where would we
have been singing Indonesia Raya happily ?
d.
How would we
have been singing Indonesia Raya in that room ?
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